Heir Rights (MO)
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As an heir, you likely have questions about the inheritance process in MO, and your rights.
Overall, if you are entitled to receive an inheritance, you have the right to expect to receive that inheritance ... eventually. While some states attempt to put deadlines on estate settlements, an average estate takes 16 months to settle, and some take years (see Inheritance Timing).
Rights Under MO Probate
Most estates are settled by an executor appointed by the court (often a family member), under a court-supervised process known as probate. The executor has significant discretionary power, but he or she has a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the estate, to follow the law, and to distribute estate proceeds to the rightful heirs.
However, MO estates must satisfy obligations according to priority (for example, debts take precedence over distributions), so in some cases your inheritance will be less than expected, or even be completely consumed by other estate priorities (which must generally affect all potential heirs proportionately). See Estate Expenses, Fees, and Taxes for more information, and note that for your protection, estate executors must document all estate transactions and make these records available to the courts ... and in some states, must proactively deliver these records in a Final Accounting to the heirs as well.
Your rights as an heir include:
- Notice: Many states have laws that require an estate executor to notify you of the death and the estate proceeding if you are mentioned in the will, if there is no will and you are entitled to inherit by intestate succession, or even if there is a will that doesn't mention you, but you would have been entitled to inherit by intestate succession (i.e., you are an "heir-at-law").
- Estate Information: Many states require the executor to provide you a copy of the estate inventory, as well as a Final Accounting (what happened to the inventory, what estate expenses were incurred, etc.). If the estate is undergoing probate, and the state does not require that the executor directly supply you the information, you can simply make a public records request for the reports filed with the court.
- MO Family Entitlements: If you are a surviving spouse or dependent child, you likely have additional rights that go beyond anything mentioned in the will or mandated by the laws of intestate succession. Surviving family members often have the right to remain living in the family home for a certain period of time, to automatically receive certain personal possessions, to receive a living allowance from the estate while it is being settled, and to receive certain minimum amounts (see MO Family Entitlement details for your state).
- Reasonable Timeframe: Unless the asset is one that automatically transfers on death (such as an IRA with a named beneficiary), you can expect the process to take 12-18 months on average, and sometimes considerably longer (see Inheritance Timing). An executor has a duty to settle an estate in a reasonable timeframe, but most states are very lenient about such timeframes, and there are legitimate reasons that some estates take years to settle. On the other hand, some executor simply cannot handle the task, or unreasonably delay, and those can be grounds to ask the court to remove the executor and appoint someone else.
- Court Objections: If the estate undergoes probate (and most do), you have the right to object to the probate court about anything you think is being done incorrectly or improperly. You can object to the appointment of a particular executor, you can object to the validity of a will, you can object to particular distributions (not just your own), you can object to sales of assets, you can object to how long things are taking ... in fact, you can object to almost anything. You just need to make sure you have valid grounds for doing so, and it's important to realize that settling an estate is a difficult task that takes time. See Court to find your particular court.
- Lawsuits: If the probate judge does not respond to your objection as desired, or if there is no probate proceeding, then you can file a civil lawsuit against the estate. Such lawsuits can be expensive, and should be considered only as a last resort.
Additional considerations:
- Expectations: Please keep in mind that although a will may be specific about an intended inheritance, other factors can sometimes intervene to modify or even entirely invalidate the inheritance. See MO Rules of Inheritance for details.
- Inheritance Taxes: Some states have inheritance taxes for which the executor has the responsibility of paying, out of your share, before giving you your remaining inheritance. If your executor is using EstateExec, it will tell him or her if such taxes apply.
- Executor Discretion: Unless the inheritance is a specific bequest, the executor may have some discretion in deciding how to give you your share of an estate. The executor may decide to liquidate assets and give you all cash (and cash equivalents), or the executor may mix and match assets to equal your share. You have to the right to ask for your share to be given in a certain form, but the executor does not have to respect your wishes. For this reason (and others), it is advisable to try to retain a good relationship with the executor (see Working with Executors).
- Inheritance Receipts: When you receive an inheritance, the executor will likely ask you to sign a receipt, which can be required. However, the executor will often ask you, as a condition of receiving the proceeds, to waive any rights you may to decide to sue the estate or the executor in the future. Such waivers are best practice for an executor, but heirs are not required to waive their rights, so the decision is up to you. It may be best to sign anyway, to preserve the relationship and to receive your inheritance in a timely manner, but your ultimate recourse is to either convince the executor to drop the waiver, or object to the court.
MO Small Estate Rights
Most states have laws enabling small estates to be settled without full probate, sometimes without any court involvement at all. In such cases, there may be no formally appointed executor, and the heir can directly collect any inheritance to which he or she is entitled, by providing appropriate documentation to the current asset holders.
In Missouri, small estates can avoid probate through either a small estate affidavit approach or a determination of heirship. Regardless of estate size, probate is not required if an estate contains only assets exempt from probate.
Small Estate without Administration
If a Missouri estate is worth <$40,000, you can use the small estate process to settle an estate with minimal court involvement.
Requirements
To use the small estate process, the following conditions must be true:
- The net value of the estate is <$40K
- At least 30 days have passed since the death
- The will (if one exists) has been submitted to the court
- No petition has already been made to the court to officially appoint a personal representative, or such petition has been refused
In determining the net value of the estate, you should value assets as of the date of death, and subtract any debts. Do not include any assets that would not normally go through probate, such as community property with right of survivorship, assets with named beneficiaries (e.g., 401Ks, life insurance policies), and other standard probate exclusions.
Process
To use the small estate process:
- Submit to the probate court a small estate affidavit (see below)
- Obtain and have the court approve a small estate bond equal to the value of the estate's personal property (or ask the court to waive this requirement)
- If the estate is worth >$15K, the court will publish a notice to creditors
- Once the court certifies your affidavit, obtain possession of the property by presenting the affidavit to the current custodian of the property
- Obtain possession of the property by presenting the affidavit to the current custodian of the property (real estate cannot be transferred via small estate affidavit)
- Settle the estate in the normal way (pay debts, distribute remaining assets)
- To transfer real estate, file a copy of the certified affidavit in the county office of the recorder of deeds where the property is located
- To transfer title of a vehicle, you must also file Form DOR-108 with the Motor Vehicle Bureau in the Department of Revenue if no Transfer on Death beneficiary was assigned
Affidavit Form
Missouri does not provide a state-wide form for a small estate affidavit, but local courts often provide their own (see St. Charles County Small Estate Affidavit Form).
You can either contact your local court for their preferred form, use this standard MO Small Estate Affidavit (Form 556-D), adapt the St. Charles County form, or create your own.
If you do choose to create your own, it must:
- State that the above requirements have been met
- State that the bond has been filed or the requirement waived by the court
- State that all debts of the decedent have been or will be paid to the extent possible
- List the estate assets and values
- List the names and addresses of the current custodians of the assets
- List the name and address of everyone entitled to the assets being claimed, along with their relationship to the decedent
- Explain why those people are entitled to the assets (i.e., stated in the will, rules of intestate succession)
Determination of Heirship
If more than a year has passed with no probate administration, you can simplify the settlement process via a Determination of Heirship, under which a judge simply orders the property transferred appropriately.
Requirements
You can use Determination of Heirship if:
- More than one year has passed since the death
- No will has been submitted to probate, and no probate administration has begun
The one-year deadline is key, since the MO statute of limitations on unsecured debts is one year, and thus estate settlement can be greatly simplified after one year because no attention needs to be paid to unsecured estate debts. Of course, secured debts (such as mortgages) do still have to be honored.
Process
To settle an estate via Determination of Heirship:
- Submit to the court a Petition for Determination of Heirship (see below) and schedule a hearing
- Publish notice of the hearing in a local newspaper once per week for 4 successive weeks
- Directly notify everyone named in the petition
- If everything goes well, at the hearing the court will give you an order transferring the property as specified
- To transfer real estate, file a copy of the order in the county office of the recorder of deeds where the property is located
- To transfer title of a vehicle, you must also file Form DOR-108 with Motor Vehicle Bureau in the Department of Revenue if no Transfer on Death beneficiary was assigned
Petition
Missouri does not provide a state-wide form for the required petition , but local courts often provide their own (see Boone County Petition for Determination of Heirship Form).
You can either contact your local court (see below) for their preferred form, adapt the Boone County form, or create your own.
If you do choose to create your own, it must:
- Include the decedent's name, address, age, and date of death
- State that the above requirements have been met
- List the name and address of all heirs at the time of death
- List the name and address of all heirs or descendants of heirs who are attempting to claim estate property
- List the estate assets and values
Intestate Inheritance
If there is no will, Missouri law defines who should inherit from the estate in MO Rev Stat § 474.010.
Estate Settlement Considerations
Before paying any debts or making any distributions, be sure to account for any Family Entitlements in MO, which typically have priority over everything except expenses of the last illness, funeral charges, and any estate administrations expenses.
Even if the estate does not go through probate, you may still be entitled to Executor Compensation in MO, and this compensation also has priority over most estate debts.
Estate debts have priority over most distributions in turn, so before distributing assets you should resolve any estate debts. If the estate makes any distributions beyond amounts set aside for family entitlements, unpaid creditors have the right to sue the recipients for repayment using those excess distributions. Consequently, even if the settlement process does not require you to publish a Notice to Creditors, you may want to follow MO probate rules for finding estate debts, since doing so may limit the time creditors have to pursue repayment.
If estate solvency is uncertain, an executor should consider going through official probate for the increased creditor protection it offers. Alternately, such uncertainty can sometimes persuade creditors to forgive a portion of debts, since they will want to avoid legal expenses as well, and may prefer to get something rather than nothing.
See also Making Distributions.
Court
In Missouri, the probate division of the local Circuit Court handles wills and estate matters.
Estate Debts
Finally, note that as an heir, you are NOT responsible for paying the debts of the MO estate out of your own funds. You do NOT inherit responsibility for paying the debts of parents, for example. If the estate is insolvent (i.e., cannot pay all its bills), then creditors simply end up with less than owed, or even nothing ... as do you.
If an estate ends up being insolvent, and you somehow received a distribution anyway (perhaps through a small estate process), some states allow creditors to sue you to reclaim any amounts they are still owed. So you can't inherit a debt outright, but if you receive a distribution that the estate needed to pay its bills, you may be forced to pay out some or all of that distribution.
Additional Information
For more information about inheritances in general, see EstateExec Heir Guide.
In case you're interested, heir rights in other states can be found here:
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